Terminology to Understand
- Sophist: One of a class of teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, especially one who used fallacious but plausible reasoning.
- Orator: A skilled and eloquent public speaker.
- Rhetoric: The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade.
A Brief History of Public Speaking
- The formal study of public speaking began approximately 2,500 years ago in Greece and Rome to train citizens to participate in society.
- Aristotle (384-322 BCE), the most famous Greek Scholar, defined rhetoric as the “faculty of discovering the possible means of persuasion in reference to any subject whatever.” He divided the “means of persuasion” into three parts–logical reason (logos), human character ( ethos ), and emotional appeal (pathos)
- Cicero (106-43 BCE), one of the most significant rhetoricians of all time, developed the five canons of rhetoric, a five-step process for developing a persuasive speech that we still use to teach public speaking today.
- Quintilian (c. 35-95 CE) argued that public speaking was inherently moral. He stated that the ideal orator is “a good man speaking well”.
- American Revolution–The rhetorical studies of ancient Greece and Rome were resurrected as speakers and teachers looked to Cicero and others to inspire defense of the new republic. John Quincy Adams of Harvard advocated for the democratic advancement of the art of rhetoric.
- Throughout the 20th century, rhetoric developed as a concentrated field of study with the establishment of public speaking courses in high schools and universities. The courses in speaking apply fundamental Greek theories (such as the modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos).
Means of persuasion (Aristotle. 384-322 BCE)
Five Canons of Rhetoric (Cicero. 106-43 BCE)
Varieties of Public Speaking Based on the Purpose.
For the Slides.
you may download it from the link below.
you may download it from the link below.
